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Axiom (computer algebra system) - Wikipedia. Axiom is a free, general- purpose computer algebra system. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy. History[edit]Two computer algebra systems named Scratchpad were developed by IBM.
The first one was started in 1. James Greismer at the request of Ralph Gomory, and written in Fortran.[1] The development of this software was stopped before any public release. The second Scratchpad, originally named Scratchpad II, was developed from 1. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, under the direction of Richard Dimick Jenks.[2] Other key early developers were Barry Trager, Stephen Watt, James Davenport, Robert Sutor, and Scott Morrison. Scratchpad II was renamed Axiom when IBM decided, circa 1. A few years later, it was sold to NAG. In 2. 00. 1, it was withdrawn from the market and re- released under the Modified BSD License. CTY’s mathematics, science, and computer science courses are dedicated to Dr. Richard P. Longaker, Provost of Johns Hopkins University from 1979 to 1987, in. Axiom is a free, general-purpose computer algebra system. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed. The Numerical Algorithms journal offers high quality papers containing material not published elsewhere. The journal presents original and review papers on all. Since then, the project's lead developer has been Tim Daly. In 2. 00. 7, Axiom was forked twice, originating two different open- source projects: Open. Axiom[3] and Fri. CAS,[4] following "serious disagreement about project goals".[5] The Axiom project continued to be developed by Tim Daly. Documentation[edit]Axiom is a literate program.[6] The source code is becoming available in a set of volumes which are available on the axiom- developer. These volumes contain the actual source code of the system. The currently available documents are: The Axiom project has a major focus on providing documentation. Recently the project announced the first in a series of instructional videos, which are also available on the axiom- developer. The first video[8] provides details on the Axiom information sources.[8]Philosophy[edit]The Axiom project focuses on the “3. Year Horizon”. The primary philosophy is that Axiom needs to develop several fundamental features in order to be useful to the next generation of computational mathematicians. Knuth's literate programming technique is used throughout the source code. Axiom plans to use proof technology to prove the correctness of the algorithms (such as Coq and ACL2). Axiom uses Docker Containers as part of a continuous release process. The latest image is available on any platform using boot. In Axiom, all objects have a type. Examples of types are mathematical structures (such as rings, fields, polynomials) as well as data structures from computer science (e. A function can take a type as argument, and its return value can also be a type. For example, Fraction is a function, that takes an Integral. Domain as argument, and returns the field of fractions of its argument. As another example, the ring of 4×4{\displaystyle 4\times 4} matrices with rational entries would be constructed as Square. Matrix(4, Fraction Integer). Of course, when working in this domain, 1 is interpreted as the identity matrix and A^- 1 would give the inverse of the matrix A, if it exists. Several operations can have the same name, and the types of both the arguments and the result are used to determine which operation is applied (cf. Axiom comes with an extension language called SPAD. All the mathematical knowledge of Axiom is written in this language. The interpreter accepts roughly the same language. SPAD was further developed under the name A# and later Aldor. Axiom no longer supports this language extension. Features[edit]Within the interpreter environment, Axiom uses type inference and a heuristic algorithm to make explicit type annotations mostly unnecessary. It features 'Hyper. Doc', an interactive browser- like help system, and can display two and three dimensional graphics, also providing interactive features like rotation and lighting. It also has a specialised interaction mode for Emacs, as well as a plugin for the Te. Xmacs editor. Hyper. Doc displaying the available operations for a domain. Axiom displaying a surface. Axiom Firefox Browser Interface. Axiom simplifying a heat equation. Axiom matrix manipulation. Axiom computing a Risch integral. Axiom has an implementation of the Risch algorithm for elementary integration, which was done by Manuel Bronstein and Barry Trager. See also[edit]References[edit]Further reading[edit]James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1. 97. 1). SCRATCHPAD/1: An interactive facility for symbolic mathematics": 4. Richard D. Jenks (1. META/PLUS - The Syntax Extension Facility for SCRATCHPAD (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 3. 25. 9. James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1. 97. 2). Experience with an online symbolic mathematics system". Brunel University: 4. James H. Griesmer; Richard D. Jenks (1. 97. 2). SCRATCHPAD: A capsule view". ACM: 9. 3–1. 02. Richard D. Jenks (1. 97. 4). The SCRATCHPAD Language". ACM: 1. 01–1. 11. ISSN 0. 36. 2- 1. Arthur C. Norman (1. Computing with Formal Power Series". TOMS. ACM. 1 (4): 3. ISSN 0. 09. 8- 3. Richard D. Jenks (1. A pattern compiler": 6. E. Lueken (1. 97. Ueberlegungen zur Implementierung eines Formelmanipulationssystems (Masters thesis) (in German). Germany: Technischen Universitat Carolo- Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig. George E. Andrews (1. 98. 4). Ramanujan and SCRATCHPAD". Schenectady: General Electric: 3. James H. Davenport; P. Gianni; Richard D. Jenks; V. Miller; Scott Morrison; M. Rothstein; C. Sundaresan; Robert S. Sutor; Barry Trager (1. Scratchpad"". Mathematical Sciences Department, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. Richard D. Jenks (1. 98. 4). The New SCRATCHPAD Language and System for Computer Algebra". Proceedings of the 1. MACSYMA Users' Conference. Schenectady, New York: 4. Richard D. Jenks (1. A primer: 1. 1 keys to New Scratchpad". Springer: 1. 23–1. Robert S. Sutor (1. The Scratchpad II Computer Algebra Language and System". Springer: 3. 2–3. Rüdiger Gebauer; H. Michael Möller (1. Buchberger's algorithm and staggered linear bases". ACM: 2. 18–2. 21. ISBN 0- 8. 97. 91- 1. Richard D. Jenks; Robert S. Sutor; Stephen M. Watt (1. 98. 6). Scratchpad II: an abstract datatype system for mathematical computation (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 1. 23. 27. Michael Lucks; Bruce W. Char (1. 98. 6). "A fast implementation of polynomial factorization". ACM: 2. 28–2. 32. ISBN 0- 8. 97. 91- 1. J. Purtilo (1. 98. Applications of a software interconnection system in mathematical problem solving environments". ACM: 1. 6–2. 3. ISBN 0- 8. William H. Burge; Stephen M. Watt (1. 98. 7). Infinite Structure in SCRATCHPAD II (Research report). IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. RC 1. 27. 94. Pascale Sénéchaud; Françoise Siebert; Gilles Villard (1. Scratchpad II: Présentation d'un nouveau langage de calcul formel. TIM (Research report) (in French). IMAG, Grenoble Institute of Technology. M. Robert S. Sutor; Richard D. Jenks (1. 98. 7). Richard L. Wexelblat, ed. The Type Inference and Coercion Facilities in the Scratchpad II Interpreter". ACM: 5. 6–6. 3. ISBN 0- 8. George E. Andrews (1. R. Janssen, ed. "Application of SCRATCHPAD to problems in special functions and combinatorics". Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2. Springer: 1. 59–1. James H. Davenport; Yvon Siret; Evelyne Tournier (1. Computer Algebra: Systems and Algorithms for Algebraic Computation. Academic Press. ISBN 9. Rüdiger Gebauer; H. Michael Möller (1. On an installation of Buchberger's algorithm". Journal of Symbolic Computation. ISSN 0. 74. 7- 7. Fritz Schwarz (1. R. Janssen, ed. "Programming with abstract data types: the symmetry package (SPDE) in Scratchpad". Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer: 1. 67–1. David Shannon; Moss Sweedler (1. Using Gröbner bases to determine algebra membership, split surjective algebra homomorphisms determine birational equivalence". Journal of Symbolic Computation. Hans- J. Boehm (1. Type inference in the presence of type abstraction". Sigplan. 2. 4 (7): 1. Manuel Bronstein (1. Simplification of real elementary functions". ACM: 2. 07–2. 11. Claire Dicrescenzo; Dominique Duval (1. P. Gianni, ed. "Algebraic extensions and algebraic closure in Scratchpad II". Springer: 4. 40–4. Liste de jeux Play. Station 2 — Wikip! Kizna Arashi. Bakugan: Battle Brawlers. Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance. Baldur's Gate: Dark Alliance 2. Band Hero. Barbarian. Barbie au bal des douze princesses. Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp. Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue. User-driven community with celebrity gossip, photographs, rumors and news. 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Weak, static. Filename extensions. Major implementations. Gnu. COBOL, IBM COBOL, Micro Focus Visual COBOLDialects. ACUCOBOL- GT, COBOL- IT, COBOL/2, DEC COBOL- 1. DEC VAX COBOL, DOSVS COBOL, Fujitsu COBOL, Hitachi COBOL2. HP3. 00. 0 COBOL/II, IBM COBOL SAA, IBM COBOL/4. IBM COBOL/II, IBM Enterprise COBOL, IBM ILE COBOL, IBM OS/VS COBOL, ICL COBOL, is. COBOL, Micro Focus COBOL, Microsoft COBOL, Realia COBOL, Ryan Mc. The ScanSnap iX500 provides PC and Mac users an effective way to greatly reduce paper clutter, storage space, and security risk associated with unmanaged paperwork at. This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external. COBOL (/ ˈ k oʊ b ɒ l /, an acronym for common business-oriented language) is a compiled English-like computer programming language designed for business use. Farland RM/COBOL, Ryan Mc. Farland RM/COBOL- 8. Tandem (Non. Stop) COBOL8. Tandem (Non. Stop) SCOBOL, UNIVAC COBOL, Unisys MCP COBOL7. Unisys MCP COBOL8. Unix COBOL X/Open, Visual COBOL, Wang VS COBOLInfluenced by. AIMACO, C++,[a]COMTRAN, Eiffel,[a]FACT, FLOW- MATIC, Smalltalk[a]Influenced. Cobol. Script,[4]PL/I[5]COBOL (, an acronym for common business- oriented language) is a compiled English- like computer programming language designed for business use. It is imperative, procedural and, since 2. COBOL is primarily used in business, finance, and administrative systems for companies and governments. COBOL is still widely used in legacy applications deployed on mainframe computers, such as large- scale batch and transaction processing jobs. But due to its declining popularity and the retirement of experienced COBOL programmers, programs are being migrated to new platforms, rewritten in modern languages or replaced with software packages.[6] Most programming in COBOL is now purely to maintain existing applications.[7]COBOL was designed in 1. CODASYL and was partly based on previous programming language design work by Grace Hopper, commonly referred to as "the (grand)mother of COBOL".[8][9][1. It was created as part of a US Department of Defense effort to create a portable programming language for data processing. Intended as a stopgap, the Department of Defense promptly forced computer manufacturers to provide it, resulting in its widespread adoption.[1. It was standardized in 1. Expansions include support for structured and object- oriented programming. The current standard is ISO/IEC 1. COBOL has an English- like syntax, which was designed to be self- documenting and highly readable. However, it is verbose and uses over 3. In contrast with modern, succinct syntax like y=x; , COBOL has a more English- like syntax (in this case, MOVEx. TOy). COBOL code is split into four divisions (identification, environment, data and procedure) containing a rigid hierarchy of sections, paragraphs and sentences. Lacking a large standard library, the standard specifies 4. Academic computer scientists were generally uninterested in business applications when COBOL was created and were not involved in its design; it was (effectively) designed from the ground up as a computer language for business, with an emphasis on inputs and outputs, whose only data types were numbers and strings of text.[1. COBOL has been criticized throughout its life, however, for its verbosity, design process and poor support for structured programming, which resulted in monolithic and incomprehensible programs. History and specification[edit]Background[edit]In the late 1. A 1. 95. 9 survey had found that in any data processing installation, the programming cost US$8. At a time when new programming languages were proliferating at an ever- increasing rate, the same survey suggested that if a common business- oriented language were used, conversion would be far cheaper and faster. In April 1. 95. 9, Mary K. Hawes called a meeting of representatives from academia, computer users, and manufacturers at the University of Pennsylvania to organize a formal meeting on common business languages.[1. Representatives included Grace Hopper, inventor of the English- like data processing language FLOW- MATIC, Jean Sammet and Saul Gorn. The group asked the Department of Defense (Do. D) to sponsor an effort to create a common business language. The delegation impressed Charles A. Phillips, director of the Data System Research Staff at the Do. D, who thought that they "thoroughly understood" the Do. D's problems. The Do. D operated 2. 25 computers, had a further 1. Portable programs would save time, reduce costs and ease modernization. Phillips agreed to sponsor the meeting and tasked the delegation with drafting the agenda. COBOL 6. 0[edit]On May 2. Zürich ALGOL 5. 8 meeting), a meeting was held at the Pentagon to discuss the creation of a common programming language for business. It was attended by 4. Phillips.[2. 0] The Department of Defense was concerned about whether it could run the same data processing programs on different computers. FORTRAN, the only mainstream language at the time, lacked the features needed to write such programs. Representatives enthusiastically described a language that could work in a wide variety of environments, from banking and insurance to utilities and inventory control. They agreed unanimously that more people should be able to program and that the new language should not be restricted by the limitations of contemporary technology. A majority agreed that the language should make maximal use of English, be capable of change, be machine- independent and be easy to use, even at the expense of power. The meeting resulted in the creation of a steering committee and short- , intermediate- and long- range committees. The short- range committee was given to September (three months) to produce specifications for an interim language, which would then be improved upon by the other committees. Their official mission, however, was to identify the strengths and weaknesses of existing programming languages and did not explicitly direct them to create a new language. The deadline was met with disbelief by the short- range committee. One member, Betty Holberton, described the three- month deadline as "gross optimism" and doubted that the language really would be a stopgap. The steering committee met on June 4 and agreed to name the entire activity as the Committee on Data Systems Languages, or CODASYL, and to form an executive committee. The short- range committee was made up of members representing six computer manufacturers and three government agencies. The six computer manufacturers were Burroughs Corporation, IBM, Minneapolis- Honeywell (Honeywell Labs), RCA, Sperry Rand, and Sylvania Electric Products. The three government agencies were the US Air Force, the Navy's David Taylor Model Basin, and the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology). The committee was chaired by Joseph Wegstein of the US National Bureau of Standards. Work began by investigating data description, statements, existing applications and user experiences. The committee mainly examined the FLOW- MATIC, AIMACO and COMTRAN programming languages. The FLOW- MATIC language was particularly influential because it had been implemented and because AIMACO was a derivative of it with only minor changes.[3. FLOW- MATIC's inventor, Grace Hopper, also served as a technical adviser to the committee. FLOW- MATIC's major contributions to COBOL were long variable names, English words for commands and the separation of data descriptions and instructions. IBM's COMTRAN language, invented by Bob Bemer, was regarded as a competitor to FLOW- MATIC by a short- range committee made up of colleagues of Grace Hopper. Some of its features were not incorporated into COBOL so that it would not look like IBM had dominated the design process, and Jean Sammet said in 1. IBM bias" from some committee members (herself included). Major Pairs. Money Management . Realtime, continously updated quotes for a wide range of forex currency pairs, complete with charts. The four major pairs are: EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF. The currency that is .. Get a free demo account and start trading today. They comprise the largest share of the foreign exchange market. Forex major pairs are .. Currencies are traded in currency pairs. Foreign Exchange Market turnover is approximately 5. 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Fique horas transando e enlouqueça qualquer mulher Guia do Orgasmo feminino Ereções Duradouras Aumento do Pênis Acesse www.cdon.com.br/msvs. Each pair is made up of .. Check- out our review of major Forex currency pairs and choose what suits you best. See the advantages of trading the major currency pairs. You have access to some of the top currency pairs in the forex market. Depending on your account type, you enjoy trading the most .. Also, check out the Pippin' Ain't Easy For. Cross currency pairs on Forex - instaforex. When trading majors, USD movement appears to be the .. Best Currency Pairs for Forex Trading Profits. 136846 % 86474 anos 82513 governo 6639 presidente 58424 R$ 47535 país 45374 tempo 44574 pessoas 3764 parte 36451 dias 36145 milhões. Full Stock List - Avaya Nortel Cisco Alcatel BT Ascom Ericsson Handset/Line Cords Intertel LG Mitel NEC Panasonic Polycom Samsung Siemens Legacy Systems SDX Aastra. 153646 % 10336 governo 66377 país 63331 presidente 58432 r$ 56938 pessoa 55892 empresa 52089 tempo 51355 mês 5074 parte 42302 caso.Learn about the best forex currencies for currency trading. Which currencies can I trade? Build your confidence Sign up for Risk Free Demo Account. Sometimes it surprises me how someone wants to trade forex while he/she still doesn’t know .. Salzburger Festspiele / Opera / Alban Berg Wozzeck. Opera in three acts, Op. Libretto by Alban Berg after Georg Büchner’s fragmentary play Woyzeck (1. New production. Sung in German with German and English surtitles. A Coproduction between the Salzburg Festival,the Metropolitan Opera, New York,the Canadian Opera Company, Toronto,and Opera Australia. Matthias Goerne, Wozzeck. John Daszak, Drum Major. Lulu ist nach Wozzeck die zweite, allerdings im 3. Akt unvollendet gebliebene Oper des österreichischen Komponisten Alban Berg. Das Fragment wurde am 2. Forma. W zależności od formy, libretto może składać się z partii o różnym przeznaczeniu i charakterze – najczęściej zawiera ono treść partii wokalnych. Alban Berg Wozzeck. Opera in three acts, Op. 7 (1917-22) Libretto by Alban Berg after Georg Büchner’s fragmentary play Woyzeck (1836). Toutes Les Partitions de Musique (Affichage 1401 à 2197) (Sur un Total de 2197 - Scores) Sale of Sheet Music - Vente de Partitions de Musique. Alban Berg Wozzeck. Oper in drei Akten op. 7 (1917-1922) Libretto von Alban Berg nach dem Dramenfragment Woyzeck (1836) von Georg Büchner. Friday night began the run of Gilbert & Sullivan's Patience from the Light Opera Theatre in Sacramento. Director: Debbie Baad Conductor: Anne-Marie Endres. Na veertien jaar keert een pianist terug naar zijn geboorteplaats. Op de berg waar zijn moeder een jaar geleden is begraven, treft hij een jonge vrouw met wie hij is. Mauro Peter, Andres. Gerhard Siegel, Captain. Jens Larsen, Doctor. Tobias Schabel, First Apprentice. Huw Montague Rendall*, Second Apprentice. Heinz Göhrig, Madman. Asmik Grigorian, Marie. Frances Pappas, Margret. Salzburger Festspiele und Theater Kinderchor. Wolfgang Götz, Children’s Chorus Master. Concert Association of the Vienna State Opera Chorus Ernst Raffelsberger, Chorus Master. Vienna Philharmonic Angelika- Prokopp- Sommerakademie der Wiener Philharmoniker, Stage Music. Patrick Furrer, Stage Music Conductor. Member of the Young Singers Project – Supported by the KÜHNE FOUNDATION‘Man is an abyss – you feel giddy when you look into it’It was 1. The world was at war. Alban Berg, in his mid- thirties, a composer and a soldier, took advantage of a long leave to get down to work on a project that had been nagging him for three years. In May 1. 91. 4 he had seen the play by Georg Büchner that tells how a simple army batman, much put upon, suddenly explodes into violence. Here, he recognized right away, was the subject for an opera: Wozzeck. His army experience in the interim can only have brought that subject closer and surely helped him reimagine the conditions of barracks life. The immediate, urgent prod, though, came directly from the play. Büchner’s quick lines exposed the rudiments of emotional life, the tendons of frustration, desperation, hopelessness and love. Short scenes, too, must have made the play look, on the page, like a readymade libretto. But what perhaps appealed to Berg most of all was the play’s portrayal of a society in which everyone is lost. There is no God here, no hierarchy that is not senseless and brutally imposed, no settled agreement on the responsibilities people owe one another. In this play – and it is still astonishing that Büchner was writing in the 1. Berg saw the conditions of his own time (conditions that, we may feel, have not altered too much). Normality is over. Welcome to the real world. Moreover, as a composer, Berg found here the waiting template for the kind of music he and his teacher Arnold Schoenberg had arrived at only a few years before. Tonality, too, is over. Or, rather, it is all too present, as a force that can longer exert itself, a paradise all in the past. Freed from its power, its order, melodies can seethe in all kinds of directions, harmonies shake us by their ignorance and waywardness. Up to this point, the new atonality had seemed the language only for extreme situations: for, in the case of Schoenberg’s one- woman opera Erwartung, the search a woman makes by night for a missing lover, who may have left her, may be dead, may have been killed by her. Nothing is certain, except her erratic distress. In Wozzeck, on the other hand, the action is quite straightforward. We are faced with one of the oldest devices known to drama, a love triangle – except that the sides fail to meet. The priapic Drum Major is thoroughly self- absorbed; Marie is helpless in her attraction to him; and the real love in the piece, between Marie and Wozzeck, seems largely a thing of the past. Marie goes on trying to restore their connection, but Wozzeck is unreachable in his state of despair, brought on by the disparagement meted out to him and, more, by his inner sense of meaninglessness. All he can do is lash out. Around this kernel Berg built a classic three- part form. The first act establishes the central relationships – or non- relationships – and ends with Marie’s succumbing to the irresistible. The second builds from the arousal of Wozzeck’s suspicions to their confirmation. The third is the triple catastrophe, for Marie, for Wozzeck and for their child. Everything is very clear. Everything is very untoward. It took Berg five years to complete the score, and another three to get the work staged – in Berlin, in 1. Erich Kleiber. From there the opera went around the world, stifled by the Nazis, but careering on after the war. It has not finished yet. Toutes Les Partitions de Musique (Affichage 1. Sur un Total de 2. Japanese art - New World Encyclopedia. Art history. Eastern art history. Japanese art history. Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper, calligraphy. European reaction to Indian Art - Western stereotyping of Indian art and culture A failure of Western culture to come to terms with Hindu arts. Waterfowl and Lunate Crescents in Western North America: The Archaeology of the Pacific Flyway. The Texarkana Gazette is the premier source for local news and sports in Texarkana and the surrounding Arklatex areas. Rugrats was one of Nickelodeon's first and most popular original series, produced by Klasky-Csupo and debuting in 1991. Paraphrasing the description at nick. General. Japanese Art Main Page. Categories. Architecture - Calligraphy. Lacquer - Painting - Pottery. Prints - Sculpture - Swords. Historical Periods. J. The history of Japanese art begins with the production of ceramics by early inhabitants sometime in the tenth millennium B. C. E. The earliest complex art is associated with the spread of Buddhism in the seventh and eighth centuries C. E. The arts in Japan were patronized and sustained for centuries by a series of imperial courts and aristocratic clans, until urbanization and industrialization created a popular market for art. Both religious and secular artistic traditions developed, but even the secular art was imbued with Buddhist and Confucianaesthetic principles, particularly the Zen concept that every aspect of the material world is part of an all- encompassing whole. Over its long history, Japanese art absorbed many foreign artistic traditions and carried on intermittent exchanges with China and Korea. When Japan came into contact with the Western world during the 1. Japanese woodblock prints, paintings and ceramics had a considerable influence on European art, particularly on cubism and impressionism. Japanese aesthetic principles of simplicity and understatement influenced Western architecture and design during the 2. Japanese artists also absorbed Western techniques and materials and gained international audiences. Contemporary Japanese art is concerned with themes such as self- identity and finding fulfillment in a world dominated by technology. Since the 1. 99. 0s, Japanese animation, known as anime, has become widely popular with young people in the West. Overview. Historically, Japan has been subject to sudden introductions of new and alien ideas followed by long periods of minimal contact with the outside world during which foreign elements were assimilated, adapted to Japanese aesthetic preferences, and sometimes developed into new forms. ClassZone Book Finder. Follow these simple steps to find online resources for your book. INTRODUCTION Sources. A History of Philosophy, Frank Thilly, 1914, 30 revised edition—Ledger Wood, 1957, has the virtues of brevity and impartiality (attempt to. BibMe Free Bibliography & Citation Maker - MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard.Like China and Korea, Japan developed both religious and secular artistic traditions. The earliest complex art in Japan was produced in the seventh and eighth centuries C. E. In the ninth century, as the Japanese began to turn away from China, and indigenous forms of expression were developed, the secular arts became increasingly important. A social and intellectual elite refined ink painting, calligraphy, poetry, literature and music as forms of self- expression and entertainment. Until the late fifteenth century, both religious and secular arts flourished. In the state that emerged under the leadership of the Tokugawa shogunate, organized religion played a much less important role in people's lives, and the arts that became primarily secular. The Japanese, in this period, found sculpture a much less sympathetic medium for artistic expression; most Japanese sculpture is associated with religion, and the medium's use declined with the lessening importance of traditional Buddhism. During the sixteenth century, the emergence of a wealthy merchant class and urban areas centered around industries such as the production of textiles created a demand for popular entertainment and for mass- produced art such as wood block prints and picture books. In the Edo period (1. Painting is the preferred artistic expression in Japan, practiced by amateurs and professionals alike. Ink and water color painting were an outgrowth of calligraphy; until modern times, the Japanese wrote with a brush rather than a pen. Oil painting was introduced when Japan came into contact with the West during the sixteenth century, along with Western aesthetic concepts such as the use of perspective in landscapes. Contemporary Japanese painters work in all genres including traditional ink and water color painting, classical oil painting, and modern media. Japanese ceramics are among the finest in the world and include the earliest known artifacts of Japanese culture. In architecture, Japanese preferences for natural materials and an interaction of interior and exterior space are clearly expressed. Japan's contributions to contemporary art, fashion and architecture, are creations of a modern, global, and multi- cultural (or acultural) bent. History of Japanese art. J. They built simple houses of wood and thatch set into shallow earthen pits to provide warmth from the soil, and crafted lavishly decorated pottery storage vessels, clay figurines called dogu, and crystal jewels. Statuette with Snow Glasses, J. The oldest d. Historians believe that d. C. E.), (named for the tombs) represents a modification of Yayoi culture, attributable either to internal development or external force. In this period, diverse groups of people formed political alliances and coalesced into a nation. Typical artifacts are bronze mirrors, symbols of political alliances, and clay sculptures called haniwa which were erected outside tombs. Haniwa soldier. Haniwa horse statuette, complete with saddle and stirrups, sixth century. Asuka and Nara art. During the Asuka and Nara periods, so named because the seat of Japanese government was located in the Asuka Valley from 5. Nara until 7. 84, the first significant introduction of Asian continental culture took place in Japan. The transmission of Buddhism provided the initial impetus for contacts between China, Korea and Japan. The earliest Japanese sculptures of the Buddha are dated to the sixth and seventh century. In 5. 38, the ruling monarch of Baekche, King S. An entry from the year 5. Nihon Shoki, a Japanese historical chronology, describes the numerous craftsmen who came from Baekche to Japan to supervise work on the Asuka- dera. New technologies, new building techniques, more advanced methods of casting in bronze, and new techniques and media for painting brought about innovations in Japanese art. Horyu- ji. The earliest Buddhist structures still extant in Japan, and the oldest wooden buildings in the Far East are found at the H. First built in the early seventh century as the private temple of Crown Prince Shotoku, it consists of 4. The most important ones, the main worship hall, or Kondo (Golden Hall), and Goju- no- to (Five- story Pagoda), stand in the center of an open area surrounded by a roofed cloister. The Kondo, in the style of Chinese worship halls, is a two- story structure of post- and- beam construction, capped by an irimoya, or hipped- gabled roof of ceramictiles. Inside the Kondo, on a large rectangular platform, are some of the most important sculptures of the period. The central image is a Shaka Trinity (6. Buddha flanked by two bodhisattvas, sculpture cast in bronze by the sculptor Tori Busshi (flourished early seventh century) in homage to the recently deceased Prince Shotoku. At the four corners of the platform are the Guardian Kings of the Four Directions, carved in wood around 6. Also housed at H. Appropriately, the 1. Buddha (completed 7. Buddha hall, or Daibutsuden, is a Rushana Buddha, the figure that represents the essence of Buddhahood, just as the T. Only a few fragments of the original statue survive, and the present hall and central Buddha are reconstructions from the Edo period. Clustered around the Daibutsuden on a gently sloping hillside are a number of secondary halls: the Hokkedo (Lotus Sutra Hall), with its principal image, the Fukukenjaku Kannon (the most popular bodhisattva), crafted of dry lacquer (cloth dipped in lacquer and shaped over a wooden armature); the Kaidanin (Ordination Hall) with its magnificent clay statues of the Four Guardian Kings; and the storehouse, called the Shosoin. This last structure is of great importance as a historical cache, because contains the utensils that were used in the temple's dedication ceremony in 7. Rushana image, as well as government documents and many secular objects owned by the Imperial family. Nio Guardian at the Todai- ji, Unkei, 1. T. To provide some perspective, each finger is the size of a human. Cursos Gratis de Idiomas / Franc. MI BAUL DEL DECOUPAGE: ALGUNAS JOYAS VINTAGE. El parque natural de los Alcornocales es la selva del sur de Europa. Miles y miles de alcornoques, quejigos y acebuches en el extremo meridional de la provincia de. Utilizamos cookies propias y de terceros para mejorar tu experiencia de navegación. Si continuas navegando, consideramos que aceptas el uso de cookies.
Scarica sofwtare gratuito di recupero dati per recupero file. Inglese, Tedesco, Giapponese, Francese, Portoghese brasiliano, Spagnolo, Italiano, Olandese, Cinese (tradizionale), Cinese (semplificato), Svedese, Danese, Tedesco, Russo, Norvegese, Polski, Ungherese, Arabo, Turco, Coreano e Indonesiano. Aiutaci a tradurre Ease. US Data Recovery Wizard alla tua lingua > >. Trauma cranico - Wikipedia. Un trauma cranico o trauma cerebrale, in inglese. Traumatic Brain Injury o TBI (che si può tradurre come "danno cerebrale traumatico"), si verifica quando una forza esterna causa un trauma al cervello. Come tradurre in modo automatico e gratis file PDF e documenti o manuali di istruzioni Word o Excel da altre lingue straniere, in italiano. Nella porzione di mappa qui sopra, trovate le indicazioni più importanti (e sufficienti): le località, le indicazioni dei sentieri, nomi dei monti, strade normali e. Specifiche dettagliate di EaseUS Data Recovery Wizard Tipi di file supportati. EaseUS software di recupero dati copre tutti i tipi di file che è necessario per. Esercizi con difficoltà crescente da svolgere per consolidare le conoscenze di MS Excel 2010. Adatti a scuole superiori, università e corsi generici. Simeu utilizza i cookie per gestire, migliorare e personalizzare la tua esperienza di navigazione del sito. Per maggiori informazioni sui cookie, consulta la nostra. Può essere classificato in base alla gravità, alla tipologia (lesione chiusa o penetrante) o ad altre caratteristiche (ad esempio, se si verifica in una data posizione o in un'area diffusa). Il trauma cranico può causare sintomi fisici, cognitivi, sociali, emozionali e comportamentali; la prognosi può variare da un recupero completo ad una disabilità permanente o al decesso. Le diverse cause possono includere cadute, incidenti stradali e atti violenti. Il trauma cranico si verifica come conseguenza di un'improvvisa accelerazione o decelerazione all'interno del cranio o da una combinazione complessa di movimenti e di un impatto improvviso. Oltre ai danni causati al momento della lesione, diversi fenomeni che possono accadere nei minuti o nei giorni successivi all'evento traumatico possono provocare lesioni secondarie. Questi processi includono alterazioni nel flusso sanguigno cerebrale e della pressione intracranica. Alcune delle tecniche di imaging biomedico utilizzate per formulare la diagnosi includono la tomografia computerizzata e la risonanza magnetica. Le misure di prevenzione includono l'uso di dispositivi di sicurezza passivi nei veicoli, come le cinture di sicurezza e i caschi per i motociclisti, nonché iniziative atte a ridurre il numero di incidenti, come programmi di educazione alla sicurezza e l'applicazione delle norme sulla circolazione. A seconda della lesione, il trattamento richiesto può essere minimo o può includere interventi farmacologici, chirurgia d'emergenza o in tempi più tardi. La fisioterapia, la logopedia e la terapia occupazionale, tra le altre, possono essere utili nella riabilitazione. Il trauma cranico rappresenta una delle principali cause di morte e di disabilità in tutto il mondo, soprattutto nei bambini e negli adulti più giovani. I maschi accusano trami cranici più frequentemente rispetto alle femmine. Nel ventesimo secolo si sono visti grandi sviluppi nella diagnosi e nel trattamento del trauma cranico tanto da ridurne i tassi di mortalità e migliorare la prognosi. Lesioni alla testa sono presenti in miti antichissimi che in certi casi risalgono fino alla tradizione orale.[1] Su alcuni crani ritrovati in sepolture presso antichi campi di battaglia si è riscontrata la presenza di fori sulle linee di frattura che suggeriscono il ricorso alla trapanazione come trattamento del trauma cranico fin dai tempi più remoti.[2] Gli antichi abitanti della Mesopotamia erano a conoscenza che i traumi cranici potessero essere causa di alcune complicanze, come crisi epilettiche, paralisi e perdita della vista, dell'udito o della parola.[3] Il papiro di Edwin Smith, databile intorno al 1. C., descrive varie lesioni al cranio e sintomi correlati, descrivendoli in base alle loro manifestazioni e alla loro trattabilità.[4] Gli antichi medici greci, tra cui Ippocrate di Coo, avevano ben chiaro che il cervello fosse il centro del pensiero, probabilmente per via delle loro osservazioni sugli effetti dei traumi cranici.[5]I medici medievalie rinascimentali continuarono nella pratica della trapanazione per le lesioni alla testa.[5] Nel Medioevo, i medici descrissero ulteriori sintomi del trauma cranico e il termine "commozione" divenne il più diffuso.[6] Nel XVI secolo, Berengario da Carpi descrisse sistematicamente i sintomi della condizione.[5]Nel XVIII secolo è stato per la prima volta suggerito che l'aumento della pressione intracranica piuttosto che il danno del cranio fosse la causa delle conseguenze del trauma cerebrale. Questa ipotesi venne confermata intorno alla fine del XIX secolo e l'apertura della scatola cranica per alleviare la pressione venne conseguentemente proposta come trattamento.[2]Nel XIX secolo venne osservato anche il trauma cranico fosse correlato allo sviluppo della psicosi.[7] A quel tempo iniziò un dibattito circa il fatto che la sindrome postcommozionale fosse dovuta ad una alterazione del tessuto cerebrale o a fattori psicologici.[6] Tale disputa continua ancora oggi. Phineas Gage con la sbarra di ferro che gli entrò nella guancia sinistra e che emerse dalla cima del cranio. Probabilmente il primo caso, perlomeno documentato, di cambiamento di personalità a seguito di una lesione del cervello è quello che coinvolse Phineas Gage, sopravvissuto ad un incidente in cui una sbarra di ferro gli attraversò il cranio distruggendo uno o entrambi i lobi frontali; da allora sono stati riportati numerosi casi cambiamenti nella personalità dopo essere incorsi in una lesione del cervello.[8][9][1. Il XX secolo ha visto grandi progressi tecnologici che hanno comportato un miglioramento nel trattamento e nella diagnosi, come lo sviluppo di strumenti di imaging biomedico tra cui la tomografia computerizzata e la risonanza magnetica, e nel XXI secolo la messa a punto della tecnica dell'imaging con tensore di diffusione (DTI). L'introduzione del monitoraggio della pressione intracranica, avvenuta negli anni '5. Fino al XX secolo, il tasso di mortalità del trauma cranico era estremamente elevato e le attività riabilitative erano assai rare; i miglioramenti nella cura raggiunti durante la prima guerra mondiale hanno ribaltato questo scenario.[1] Il frequente uso degli esplosivi nelle battaglie della Grande Guerra furono causa di moltissime ferite tra i soldati e, conseguentemente, i medici poterono apprendere sempre maggiori conoscenze sul loro trattamento, nonché riuscire a localizzazione alcune delle funzioni del cervello.[1. Negli anni '7. 0, crebbe la consapevolezza del trauma cerebrale come un problema di salute pubblica[1. L'ultimo decennio del XX secolo ha visto lo sviluppo e la diffusione di linee guida standardizzate per il trattamento del trauma cranico, con protocolli previsti per una serie di temi come l'approccio farmacologico e la gestione della pressione intracranica,[1. Cause dei traumi cranici nel Stati Uniti.[2. Il trauma cranico rappresenta una delle principali cause di morte in tutto il mondo[2. Inoltre, riveste un ruolo significativo nella metà dei decessi dovuti a trauma.[2. In Europa i trami cranici sono responsabili di più anni di disabilità rispetto a qualsiasi altra causa.[2. I dati sulla frequenza dei diversi livelli di gravità dei traumi cranici variano in base alle definizioni e ai metodi utilizzati negli studi epidemiologici. Hai bisogno di tradurre il contenuto di un file PDF ma non hai installato sul computer un programma adatto allo scopo? Tranquillo, non ce n’è bisogno.Uno studio svolto dall'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità ha stimato che tra il 7. L'incidenza del trauma cerebrale varia in base all'età, al sesso, alla regione geografica e ad altri fattori meno determinanti.[2. I dati dell'incidenza e della prevalenza ricavati dagli studi epidemiologici variano in base a diversi fattori, quali la gravità degli eventi considerati, se siano inclusi o meno i decessi, se lo studio è limitato solo alle persone ricoverate e il luogo geografico di dove si è svolto lo studio.[2. A fronte di ciò l'incidenza annuale del trauma cranico è di difficile determinazione, tuttavia può essere stimata tra i 1. Negli Stati Uniti, il tasso di mortalità legato ai casi di trauma cranico è stimato essere pari al 2. Uno studio condotto sui soldati impegnati nella guerra in Iraq ha scoperto che un grave trauma cerebrale è accompagnato da una mortalità del 3. Grazie al miglioramento nei trattamenti e alla disponibilità, nei paesi più ricchi, di beneficiare di moderni servizi di pronto soccorso e di neurochirurgia hanno ridotto sensibilmente il numero dei decessi.[1. La percentuale di coloro che non sopravvivono dopo un ricovero dovuto a trauma cranico è scesa da quasi il 5. XXI secolo.[3. 0] Questo declino della mortalità ha portato ad un concomitante incremento di persone con disabilità conseguente al trauma cranico.[3. Diversi fattori biologici, clinici e demografici sono correlabili alla probabilità che un dato infortunio risulti fatale.[2. Materiali e attività per affrontare la vendemmia nella scuola dell'infanzia e primaria: schede da colorare, lavoretti, progetti didattici. Market Spot Exchange Rate. Money Management. Foreign Exchange Rates & World Currencies - Bloomberg. Current exchange rates of major world currencies. Find updated foreign currency values, a currency converter and info for foreign currency trading. Elvis Presley song lyrics collection. Browse 3449 lyrics and 8832 Elvis Presley albums. Information on the control and management of house mice, Mus musculus, with traps, exclusion and toxicants. District County Email System Type Surface Source Ground Source Mailing Name Address1 Address2 City Zip5 Zip4 Owner Owner Address1 Owner City. 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